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People often use these terms because they believe that if a cat has a specific appearance, such as colorpoint, solid blue, or large tabby longhair, it probably has recent ancestry from the breed most closely associated with that appearance.I wonder if shelters and vets use "[whatever breed] mixes" as a sort of shorthand, knowing it's not necessarily accurate but finding it easier than trying to explain genetics (or even just "colorpoint") to people. Of course when everybody does that -- particularly professionals, like vets -- terms begin to lose their original meaning and broaden, which seems to have happened with terms like, say , "Siamese mix."
Most people are not aware of how color genetics works. Frequently people think that the colors of the parents will be visibly combined on the offspring in some way. For example, you'll find people saying that a lynx point cat is "half Siamese and half tabby," (and therefore a "Siamese mix") even though colorpoint is recessive and must be carried on both sides. Likewise some people think that a blue tabby cat is "half Russian Blue and half tabby" or a blue and white bicolor cat is "half Russian Blue" or a blue cat that doesn't have green eyes "must be part Russian Blue" even though the dilute gene (responsible for the blue color) is recessive and must be carried by both parents.
Vets do not receive special training on cat breeds, breed identification, or cat color genetics.